The Nor­d­ic Re­search Lab for Cli­mate Law and Eco­nom­ics

Professor Christina D. Tvarnø has been appointed as a member of the Danish Climate Council from 1 March 2025. 

She has also been appointed to an expert panel supporting the national energy crisis staff (NEKST) under the Danish Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities from May 2023. NEKST investigates and coordinates the climate challenges in society and identifies barriers and finds solutions — initially green heat production and expansion of renewable energy on land. 

Selected Publications

Christina D. Tvarnø, Fortolkningen af den internationale klimaret kan skabe usikkerhed i klimaforhandlingerne, Tidsskrift for miljø, Nr. 2, 4.2025.

Christina D. Tvarnø; Sarah Maria Denta, Klimaret - Speciel del. Djøf Forlag 2024.

Christina D. Tvarnø. (2023). Tab og skader i den internationale klimaret, Tidsskrift for Miljø, 2023(10), 384-391. https://www.jurabibliotek.dk/view/journals/tfm/2023/10/article-p384.xml

Christina D. Tvarnø , Klimaret - almindelig del. Djøf forlag. 2022.

• The book ’Klimaret – Almindelig del’ (EN: Climate Law -- in general) concerns general considerations on climate law from a Danish perspective as well as from the perspective of EU law and international law. The book was published on 26 August 2022 and is available at Djøf Forlag. 

Christina D. Tvarnø, ‘The New Era of Climate Law in Denmark and in the EU’. In: European Public Law, Vol. 28, No. 1, 2.2022.

Christina D. Tvarnø & Sarah Maria Denta. (2022). "New frontiers of PPP law". In A Research Agenda for Public–Private Partnerships and the Governance of Infrastructure. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. doi: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781839105883.00019.

Associate Professor Marie-Louise Holle has been appointed to the editorial board of the Carbon & Climate Law Review (CCLR) in recognition of her scholarship on climate litigation, particularly through the lens of tort law. 

More about the journal

She has joined the Peer Review Network at Columbia University’s Sabin Center for Climate Change Law and is rapporteur for four jurisdictions — Madagascar, Monaco, Namibia, and the Seychelles. She is also a member of the Sabin Center’s research group for corporate liability and climate change. 

Visit the Sabin Center

View Marie-Louise Holle’s profile at the Sabin Center

Selected Publications

Holle, Marie-Louise, & Amalie Bang, 'Making Legal History: State Liability for Negligence in Climate Change', (2020), 26, European Public Law, Issue 1, pp. 45-58. Available here

See also SSRN: Bang, Amalie and Holle, Marie-Louise, Making Legal History: State Liability for Negligence in Climate Change (February 24, 2019). Copenhagen Business School, CBS LAW Research Paper 19-11, Available at SSRN or here

On the 11th of November 2025, Henrik Andersen organised a conference on "Rule of Law, Green Transition, and Global Responsibility under the Danish EU Presidency." 

• Keynote speakers included Lars Aagaard, Danish Minister for Climate, Energy and Utilities; Peter Møllgaard, President, Copenhagen Business School, Chair of the Danish Council on Climate Change; Søren Hvidkjær, Dean of research, Copenhagen Business School; and speakers from The Council of the European Union, The Confederation of Danish Industry, The Danish Chamber of Commerce, The Cyprus branch of the Fédération Internationale de Droit Européen; Greenpeace, the Danish Energy Agency, Centre for the Rule of Law and European Values, and several researchers from European countries as well as numerous speakers right here from CBS Law.

Henrik Andersen was a co-organiser of the ELI conference on "Climate Justice – New Challenges for Law and Judges," which took place on 7 July 2022 at University of Ferrara, Florence, Italy. Read more about the conference here.

Selected Publications

Henrik Andersen, Climate Concerns and Antidumping Law : Where is the Space for the Climate Argument?., CBS LAW Research Paper, Nr. 21-09

Henrik Andersen, The EU-China Comprehensive Agreement on Investment (CAI) and Climate Protection : A Brief Descriptive Overview of CAI Climate Regulation and its Legal Context. CBS LAW Research Paper, Nr. 21-13 

Henrik Andersen, WTO Panel and Appellate Body Jurisprudence on Environmental Protection of Marine Living Resources : Considerations for the Maritime Silk Road Shipping Policies, Comparative Law Yearbook of International Business. red. /Christian Campbell. Vol. 42A, Alphen aan den Rijn : Kluwer Law International 2021, s. 75-125

Andersen, Henrik, WTO Jurisprudence on Protection of Marine Living Resources: Policy Considerations for the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative (May 16, 2019). Copenhagen Business School, CBS LAW Research Paper No. 19-20. Available at SSRN or here

On the 11th of November 2025, Sarah Maria Denta moderated a session during the event "Rule of Law, Green Transition, and Global Responsibility under the Danish EU Presidency" organised by Associate Professor Henrik Andersen. Among other issues, the ongoing Hejre case was discussed, concerning the future of a Danish oil field. At the time of the conference, the final decision had not yet been made, which added an extra layer of relevance and urgency to the debate.

Sarah Maria Denta has also participated in the European Association of Climate Law, where she presented on plastic pollution, with focus on the ongoing negotiations towards a potential global plastic treaty. The discussions highlighted both the legal complexities and the urgent need for coherent international action in this area. The event brought together scholars and praticitioners from across Europe, creating a highly stimulating forum for exchange on some of the most pressing challenges in climate law and governance.

Selected Publications

Christina D. Tvarnø; Sarah Maria Denta, Klimaret - Speciel del. Djøf Forlag 2024.

Sarah Maria Denta,  European Procurement & Public Private Partnership Law Review, Vol. 16, Nr. 4, 2021, s. 318-328

PhD fellow Frederik Skamris Holm is currently working on his PhD project. The dissertation examines new developments in contractual governance from a legal perspective in relation to emerging European Union (EU) climate legislation, such as the Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CSDDD). The goal is to create an understanding of how lead firms can achieve the dual objectives of complying with EU-climate legislation while generating value across the value chain with the use of contracts.

Kim Østergaard’s research mostly concerns strategic contracting in close collaboration with Professor Bent Petersen from the Department of International Economics, Government and Business at CBS. Strategic contracting is based on whether theories of economics can be instrumental in qualifying the content of the basis of contract for the purposes of each parties’ interest in maintaining the competitive advantages and, if possible, relational interest, as it is described in economic theory.

Strategic contracting is based on a principle of fairness and repeated games. Strategic contracting is a developing theoretical framework in the sense that it now also includes the perspective of the global value chain primarily as a result of the acts from the EU, which influence and will continue influence the demand for sustainability across the value chains in the future. Thus, they demand an increased use of collaboration in regard to innovation, sharing of profits, exchange of strategic information etc.

Selected Publications

Frederik Skamris Holm; Kim Østergaard / The Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive and the Doctrine of Privity of Contract
In: European Review of Private Law, Vol. 33, No. 3, 7.2025, p. 575-602

Christian Frier; Kim Østergaard / The Role of Industry Self-regulation in International Maritime Law 
In: The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea: A System of Regulation. . ed. /Kristina Siig; Birgit Feldtmann; Fenella M.W. Billing. Abingdon : Routledge 2024, p. 203-222 (Globalization: Law And Policy)

Marie-Louise Holle; Vishv Priya Kohli; Kim Østergaard / Bøder og erstatningsansvar
In: Persondata og forskning. ed. /Kent Kristensen. København : Djøf Forlag 2022, p. 663-684

Marie Jull Sørensen; Kim Østergaard / Tourism in Denmark
In: Tourism Law in Europe. ed. /Carlos Torres; F. Javier Megosa Arcos; Laurence Jégouzo; Vincenzo Franceschelli; Franceszo Morandi. Estoril : ESHTE 2022, p. 127-146

Assistant Professor Jeroen Lammers' research focus lies mainly on international tax law, travelling across the world to present his research in places such as the 10th Annual African Tax Administration Forum (ATAF) / African Tax Research Network Congress in Cape Town and at the University of Cambridge Centre for Tax Law Tax Policy Conference 2025. 

Selected Publications

Jeroen Lammers / The Spirit of International Tax Law : From Fiscal Virtue to Mission-oriented Moon-shot. Universiteit van Amsterdam 2023, PhD afhandling, 385 s.

Jeroen Lammers; Błażej Kuźniacki / The EU Solidarity Contribution and a More Proportional Alternative : A Study Under EU and International Investment Law. Intertax, Vol. 51, Nr. 6/7, 2023, s. 451–471

Jeroen Lammers / Has Public Opinion Moved the Political Needle on Corporate Tax Avoidance? Tax Notes International Vol 104, 2021, pp. 999-1011.

Jeroen Lammers / Less is More : Can Developing Countries Gain Tax Revenue by Giving up Taxing Rights? Copenhagen Business School [wp] 2020, 27 s. (CBS LAW Research Paper, Nr. 20-16)

Jeroen Lammers / How Much Weight Does €1 Trillion Carry? : Assessing Data on Tax Planning, Avoidance, and Evasion. Tax Notes International, 31.3.2014, s. 1193-1199

• Christina D. Tvarnø, Fortolkningen af den internationale klimaret kan skabe usikkerhed i klimaforhandlingerne, Tidsskrift for Miljø, Nr. 2, April 2025.

• Christina D. Tvarnø & Sarah Maria Denta, Klimaret – Speciel del, Djøf Forlag, 2024. 

• Christina D. Tvarnø, Tab og skader i den internationale klimaret, Tidsskrift for Miljø, 2023(10), pp. 384–391.

• Christina D. Tvarnø, Klimaret – Almindelig del, Djøf Forlag, 2022.
• Christina D. Tvarnø, The New Era of Climate Law in Denmark and in the EU, European Public Law, Vol. 28, No. 1, February 2022.
• Christina D. Tvarnø & Sarah Maria Denta, New frontiers of PPP law, i A Research Agenda for Public–Private Partnerships and the Governance of Infrastructure. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2022.

• Sarah Maria Denta, European Procurement & Public Private Partnership Law Review, Vol. 16, No. 4, 2021, pp. 318–328.
• Christina D. Tvarnø, A (Non-) Net-zero Greenhouse Gases Emission Goal in the Danish Climate Act, Carbon & Climate Law Review, Vol. 15, No. 4, 2021, pp. 342–348.
• Jaakko Salminen & Mikko Rajavuori, Yritysten arvoketjupäästöjen hallinta, sääntely ja vastuu, Oikeus, Vol. 50, No. 4, 2021, pp. 481–502.
• Henrik Andersen, Climate Concerns and Antidumping Law: Where is the Space for the Climate Argument?, CBS LAW Research Paper No. 21-09.
• Henrik Andersen, The EU-China Comprehensive Agreement on Investment (CAI) and Climate Protection: A Brief Descriptive Overview of CAI Climate Regulation and its Legal Context, CBS LAW Research Paper No. 21-13.
• Henrik Andersen, WTO Panel and Appellate Body Jurisprudence on Environmental Protection of Marine Living Resources: Considerations for the Maritime Silk Road Shipping Policies, i Comparative Law Yearbook of International Business, Vol. 42A, Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International, 2021, pp. 75–125.
• Jaakko Salminen & Mikko Rajavuori, Law, Agency and Sustainability: The Role of the Law Creating Sustainability, i Research Handbook of Sustainability Agency, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2021, pp. 322–334.
• Jaakko Salminen, Sustainability and the Contractual Organization of Production, The NOVA Knowledge Centre for Business, Human Rights and the Environment, April 2021.

• Christina D. Tvarnø, Climate Public Private Partnerships in the EU, European Procurement & Public Private Partnership Law Review, Vol. 15, Issue 3, 2020, pp. 200–208.
• Christina D. Tvarnø, Regulating the Climate, CBS LAW Research Paper No. 20-01, 2020.
• Christina D. Tvarnø, EU Climate Law and Public Private Partnerships, CBS LAW Research Paper No. 20-06, 2020.
• Marie-Louise Holle & Amalie Bang, Making Legal History: State Liability for Negligence in Climate Change, European Public Law, Vol. 26, Issue 1, 2020, pp. 45–58.

• Amalie Bang & Marie-Louise Holle, Making Legal History: State Liability for Negligence in Climate Change, CBS LAW Research Paper No. 19-11, 2019.
• Henrik Andersen, WTO Jurisprudence on Protection of Marine Living Resources: Policy Considerations for the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative, CBS LAW Research Paper No. 19-20, 2019.

Professor Kim Østergaard participated in a discussion on conflicts between ESG as a legal discipline and its interaction with contract law in the podcast series ESG-eksperterne. 
Listen to the episode

Interview: Marie-Louise Holle featured in Columbia University’s Sabin Center newsletter on climate litigation and the law of obligations. 
Read the interview

Blog post: Marie-Louise Holle publishes on the role of private law in climate litigation on the NUS Law Faculty Blog. 
Read the blog post

Podcast: Christina D. Tvarnø and CBS President Peter Møllgaard appear in CBS Climate Lab’s podcast with Donald Pols. 

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Conference: Marie-Louise Holle gave a presentation at the University of Copenhagen, Center for International Law and Governance, on Climate Litigation and Private Law: Protecting Rights and Preventing Damage in the Face of Climate Change. 

Panel on 1 September: Professor Christina D. Tvarnø took part in a panel at the Danish climate summit in Middelfart on Loss and Damage in international climate law. The panel was organised by Oxfam. 

Podcast: Professor Kim Østergaard participated in a discussion on ESG and contract law in the podcast series ESG-eksperterne. 
Listen to the episode

Conference paper in September: Associate Professor Marie-Louise Holle presented a paper on public policy and private law at the Obligations X Conference in Banff, Canada. 

Academic panel in July: Holle gave a presentation on climate litigation at Copenhagen Disputes Circle and joined a panel discussion with Will Hooker and Jonas Christoffersen. 

Presentation on 21 September: Henrik Andersen addressed the Association of European Administrative Judges on Climate Justice and the Rule of Law. 

Radio on 16 May: Christina D. Tvarnø appeared on the radio programme Guld og Grønne Skove on P1 to explain the Danish Climate Act and CO₂ targets. 
Listen to the episode

Presentation on 2 September 2022: Professor Christina D. Tvarnø presented her research on calculating climate data in a Danish, EU, and UN law perspective at the CONNOR 2030 Workshop – Constitutionalism in the Nordics: Climate Change and Constitutional Law, Lund University. 

Interview: Henrik Andersen was interviewed by Verdens Bedste Nyheder about climate litigation against governments under the Paris Agreement. 
Read the article (in Danish)

Conference on 7 July 2022: Henrik Andersen co-organised the ELI conference Climate Justice – New Challenges for Law and Judges, held at the University of Ferrara in Florence. 
More about the conference

Blog post: Jaakko Salminen contributed to the University of Oslo blog with a post titled The Circular Economy and Legal Technique: Nothing new from a business perspective. 
Read the blog post